Professor Ambrus Miskolczy is a prominent Hungarian historian and lecturer at the József Eötvös Institute for Romance Studies in Budapest. Among the numerous works he wrote, his book A román középkor időszerű kérdései. Régi-új viták és közelítések (Current Issues of the Romanian Middle Ages: Old and New Debates and Approaches) has been recently published.The title of the work intrigues at first glance. It refers to the problems and interpretations of Romanian medieval history but leaves enough space for curiosity by not revealing too much. However, the reader who expects a narration of political and diplomatic history may be disappointed. Namely, the main aim of the work is not to present the events of Romanian history, although the political history is involved to a sufficient extent that even a less trained reader will be able to follow the presentation of the work. Miskolczy turned his attention to the medieval history of Romania, as well as the people whose past is closely connected to it, so that questions of mentality, everyday life, religion, and language come to the fore. The author’s interest is primarily focused on the fateful issues of Romanian history and their explanation. The aspect that should be especially emphasized is the author’s presentation of various myths and ideological constructions and the needs that demanded their origin, on both the Romanian and Hungarian sides.Having observed the structure of the work, the book provides a picture of the entire Middle Ages of the Romanian people, from the earliest times to the period of the Battle of Mohács in 1526. He refers to the issues of the Romanian past and the origin of the Romanian people, presenting the opinions of Romanian, German, and other researchers, which are classified into core theories and network theories. The author refers to philological discussions, as well as to the theory of Daco-Romanian continuity, showing its political and identity motivation. He then continues with the theory of the parallel settlement of Hungarians and Romanians.Miskolczy presents the Byzantine and Slavic-Bulgarian influence on the Romanized elements in the Balkans with great competence and understanding, with a refined understanding of the Orthodox spiritual influence. In the ensuing discussion, the author, almost as an excursion, clearly presents the complex issues of the Vlachs in the Balkans. He observes the Christianization of Romanized elements, later Romanians, through the Christianization of Slavs and Bulgarians, connecting the importance of religious orientation with everyday life. Following the further flow of the history of the Balkan and Pannonia region, the author presents the importance of the Kumans and Tatars in the further development of events, introducing the question of the integration of Romanians into medieval Hungarian society.Considering that the discussion of the integration of the Romanian element into Hungary begins with Anonymus and then follows the integration of Romanians into the Hungarian state, special attention is paid to the Romanian districts, their defensive role, and the title of knez (kenez), which represented a mediator between the community and the central government.The author’s observation of Romanian history does not remain partial, limited only to Transylvania, and also covers the Romanian principalities across the Carpathians, starting from the origin of Moldavia and Wallachia. Miskolczy has linked the creation of these states with the intention of the Anjou dynasty to create buffer zones toward the Tatars across the Carpathians. While guiding the reader through the chronological sequence of events behind the Carpathians, the author simultaneously presents the most important and controversial issues of Hungarian and Romanian historiography, such as the origins of the founders of Wallachia, Bessarabia, or the place where the creation of Romanian medieval state formation started and what influenced the creation of states.Following the chronological sequence, the author then indicates the position of the Romanian states toward Hungary, Roman Catholicism, and the increasing power of the Ottomans. Observing the creation of Romanian states within the Hungarian framework and connecting them with the Hungarian colonization of the area before the Tatar invasion, the author concludes that the expansion of the Hungarian state prevented the integration of local dukes into the Hungarian state while allowing the dukes to gain legitimacy from the Byzantine heritage. He then immediately continues the discussion of the religious affiliation of Romanian dukes, showing that Romanians did not originate as Orthodox but that their religious affiliation was associated with many influences and changes, revealing what that religious affiliation meant for a man of that time. Related to this issue, there is a debate on the society of the Romanian principalities. When he discusses the Romanian knezesin Hungary, he presents a manner for their rise that is connected with familiar service, military engagement, and entering the circle of the Hungarian nobility, which then enabled assimilation progress.The issue of John Hunyadi, which is the subject of a dispute between Romanian and Hungarian historiography, has been given an adequate place. The author’s consideration of this topic contains all the important elements of this complex issue, from the origin to an analysis of the motives and political activities of Hunyadi. As part of the question of Hunyadi, the author considers the activities of Duke Stephen the Great. The discussion of Duke Stephen provides a framework for presenting the complex political situation between the sultan, Hungary, and Poland in which the duke had to pursue his policy, influenced by the failure of the church union and the relationship between Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism in the Romanian principalities. With the growth of Ottoman pressure, there was a change in the relations between the ruler and the aristocrats, in which the aristocracy came to a new role, while at the same time, reconciling with the conqueror brought a cultural rise.The last chapters of the book deal with the position of the Romanian population in Hungary in the period before the battle of Mohács. Of particular importance is the new view of the Jagellonian rule, which is no longer portrayed in the usual negative light as a time of incompetent rulers but instead as a time when the possibilities of Hungarian kings were limited by changes in social structure. A particularly important event is the revolt of 1514, which the author considers in terms of social tensions and conjectural and structural reasons that may have led to the event.Having finished the book, it is worth mentioning that its added value is that the author does not view the other (Romanian) side as a passive participant, which gives the reader a clearer picture of Romanian–Hungarian relations in the Middle Ages and later years. Considering that historiography is a debate, the writer does not distance himself from the opinions of various historians but presents them in the sociopolitical context of the time when they were created. Thus, the reader gets the history of the Hungarian–Romanian historiographical discussion that was constrained by the ideologies. In conclusion, A román középkor időszerű kérdései. Regi-új viták és közelítések is an important link in a series of works on the medieval history of Romania, Hungary, and other peoples of medieval Hungary and the Balkans, and the content it presents would be useful to a large number of researchers.